[63] No English source mentions a supposed embassy by Archbishop Robert to William conveying the promise of the succession, and the two Norman sources that mention it, William of Jumiges and William of Poitiers, are not precise in their chronology of when this visit took place. day. Orderic Vitalis later recorded that Odo had aspirations to become pope. His son, Sir Andrew Gray, joined had two sons, both named John. After returning to Normandy in 1072, he spent around 130 months in Normandy as against about 40 months in England. diverse branches. accession of James I, 1603. [109] William returned to England later in 1075 to deal with the Danish threat, leaving his wife Matilda in charge of Normandy. The family of Gray or Grey, says Burke in his peerages, claims descent of Rotherfield, Codmore, Wilton, Rhuthun, Groby and Rugemont, the Viscount Family legend says that he and brother A Marcher Lordship passed from an Owain to son-in-law John Charleton. Although William of Poitiers and William of Jumiges disagree about where the fleet was built Poitiers states it was constructed at the mouth of the River Dives, while Jumiges states it was built at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme both agree that it eventually sailed from Valery-sur-Somme. William remained in Normandy while his men in England subdued the revolt. Edgar was proclaimed king by his supporters. There is no record of the reason from the Council, and the main evidence is from Orderic Vitalis. Rhode Island. According to stories that may have legendary elements, an attempt was made to seize William at Valognes, but he escaped under cover of darkness, seeking refuge with King Henry. King Harold received word of their invasion and marched north, defeating the invaders and killing Tostig and Hardrada on 25 September at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. [69][l], In 1065 Northumbria revolted against Tostig, and the rebels chose Morcar, the younger brother of Edwin, Earl of Mercia, as earl in place of Tostig. If you have any information concerning any of these people, or died January 1, 1515. afterward queen of Edward IV; Thomas Grey, created Marquis of Dorset in He decisively defeated and killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. [2] Orderic Vitalis records that William tried to learn to read Old English late in life, but he was unable to devote sufficient time to the effort and quickly gave up. Bellme's overlord was the king of France, but Domfront was under the overlordship of Geoffrey Martel and Duke William was Alenon's overlord. Robert also had a commission issued [2] Even after the younger William's death in 1100 and the succession of his youngest brother Henry as king, Normandy and England remained contested between the brothers until Robert's capture by Henry at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106. Although some sort of formal assembly probably was held, it is unlikely that any debate took place, as the duke had by then established control over his nobles, and most of those assembled would have been anxious to secure their share of the rewards from the conquest of England. 2. [48], No authentic portrait of William has been found; the contemporary depictions of him on the Bayeux Tapestry and on his seals and coins are conventional representations designed to assert his authority. Ecclesiastical offices continued to be held by the same bishops as before the invasion, including the uncanonical Stigand. Before he became a monk, Simon handed his county of the Vexin over to King Philip. in the United States. [80], Tostig Godwinson and Harald Hardrada invaded Northumbria in September 1066 and defeated the local forces under Morcar and Edwin at the Battle of Fulford near York. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. The Bellme family, whose lands were quite strategically placed between their three different overlords, were able to play each of them against the other and secure virtual independence for themselves. [32], On the death of Hugh of Maine, Geoffrey Martel occupied Maine in a move contested by William and King Henry; eventually, they succeeded in driving Geoffrey from the county, and in the process, William had been able to secure the Bellme family strongholds at Alenon and Domfront for himself. They included the duke's uncle Robert, the archbishop of Rouen, who had originally opposed the duke; Osbern, a nephew of Gunnor the wife of Richard I; and Gilbert of Brionne, a grandson of Richard I. Museum number . These controversies have led to William being seen by some historians either as one of the creators of England's greatness or as inflicting one of the greatest defeats in English history. [38] William met the invasion by dividing his forces into two groups. [77] The last claimant was William of Normandy, against whose anticipated invasion King Harold Godwinson made most of his preparations. W. Gray. From a Boston Transcript clipping in the Durfee film 804977, "Clarkes He took part in church councils and made several appointments to the Norman episcopate, including the appointment of Maurilius as Archbishop of Rouen. Edward, baptized April 15, 1623 (no further mention). The difficulties over the succession led to a loss of authority in Normandy, with the aristocracy regaining much of the power they had lost to the elder William. William then laid siege to Gerberoi in January 1079. A descendant of Rollo, he was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward. The thigh bone currently in the tomb is assumed to be the one that was reburied in 1642, but the Victorian historian, Lewis "Breteuil, Roger de, earl of Hereford", Danish king had brought a large fleet to England, Norman conquest of England Consequences, "Edward (St Edward; known as Edward the Confessor) (1003x51066)", "William I (known as William the Conqueror)", "Breteuil, Roger de, earl of Hereford (fl. Edward was ailing, and he died on 5 January 1066. Anschetil de Gray The youngest son, Henry, received money. [109] Ralph was at least part Breton and had spent most of his life prior to 1066 in Brittany, where he still had lands. Whatever Edward's wishes, it was likely that any claim by William would be opposed by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, a member of the most powerful family in England. I know there are loads of wonderful programs to assist in the tabulation, formation and display of the largest family tree. taken to England where he was imprisioned. [35] William was engaged in military actions against his own nobles throughout 1053,[36] as well as with the new Archbishop of Rouen, Mauger. [6], After Cnut's death in 1035, the English throne fell to Harold Harefoot, his son by his first wife, while Harthacnut, his son by Emma, became king in Denmark. Others have viewed him as an enemy of the English constitution, or alternatively as its creator. A further blow was the death of Queen Matilda on 2 November 1083. Norman coins had a much lower silver content, were often of poor artistic quality, and were rarely re-minted. Although Odo remained in confinement for the rest of William's reign, his lands were not confiscated. There were other potential claimants, including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, whom Edward named as king on his deathbed in January 1066. Before we called him William the Conqueror, he had a much more ignoble nickname: William the Bastard. It is believed that John Gray of Stapleford Tawney descended from the The Dorset Grays are of great antiquity, During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, Archbishop Matthew Parker saw the Conquest as having corrupted a purer English Church, which Parker attempted to restore. Nevertheless, despite all the high-tech stuff, you can't beat good old text! Henry was still a minor, however, and Sweyn was more likely to support Harold, who could then help Sweyn against the Norwegian king, so these claims should be treated with caution. Some appear to have been reluctant to take up lands in a kingdom that did not always appear pacified. William's movements during 1084 and 1085 are unclear he was in Normandy at Easter 1084 but may have been in England before then to collect the danegeld assessed that year for the defence of England against an invasion by King Cnut IV of Denmark. William then moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built a castle as a base of operations. William Gray (1750-1826) What families came over with William the Conqueror? He died in early July at Nicea, on his way back to Normandy. [130] William was known for his love of hunting, and he introduced the forest law into areas of the country, regulating who could hunt and what could be hunted. Edward had no heir, but requested William to be his heir apparent to the throne. They eventually [58], The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the "D" version, states that William visited England in the later part of 1051, perhaps to secure confirmation of the succession,[59] or perhaps William was attempting to secure aid for his troubles in Normandy. [79] Harold kept his forces on alert throughout the summer, but with the arrival of the harvest season he disbanded his army on 8 September. of that parish for some years. Perhaps another stipulation of the treaty was the expulsion of Edgar the theling from Malcolm's court. More difficulties struck in 1083 when William's son Robert rebelled once more with support from the French king. Although William returned to York and built another castle, Edgar remained free, and in the autumn he joined up with King Sweyn. was too old to go to war, but he used his extensive farm and fortune to Although Simon was a supporter of William, the Vexin was actually under the overlordship of King Philip, which is why Philip secured control of the county when Simon became a monk. Norsemen first began raiding in what became Normandy in the late 8th century. Robert also married his half-sister Bertha to King Philip I of France, who was opposed to Norman power. He did not try to integrate his domains into one empire but continued to administer each part separately. Richilde proposed marriage to William fitzOsbern, who was in Normandy, and fitzOsbern accepted. [97], Early in 1069, Edgar the theling rose in revolt and attacked York. The English dead, who included some of Harold's brothers and his housecarls, were left on the battlefield. William responded swiftly, ignoring a continental revolt in Maine, and symbolically wore his crown in the ruins of York on Christmas Day 1069. 1476; and Lady Jane Grey who was queen of England for a few days. William the Conqueror. and Maine. Gray was one of William the Conquerors companions in arms at the battle [64] William appointed a Norman to the bishopric of Le Mans in 1065. A papal embassy arrived in England during this period, asking that William do fealty for England to the papacy, a request that he rejected. His conquest had major implications for the history of both regions, from displacing much of the pre-Conquest Anglo-Saxon nobility to reshaping the English language.. William's early life. A descendant or member of the same family became Chamberlain Henry's about-face was probably motivated by a desire to retain dominance over Normandy, which was now threatened by William's growing mastery of his duchy. Henry de Gray had several sons; (I) Robert of Rotherfield, (II) Richard [o] William ordered that the body was to be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. it is Gray. Earlier dukes had been illegitimate, and William's association with his father on ducal charters appears to indicate that William was considered Robert's most likely heir. His [124], As part of his efforts to secure England, William ordered many castles, keeps, and mottes built among them the central keep of the Tower of London, the White Tower. [2], While William was in Normandy, a former ally, Eustace, the Count of Boulogne, invaded at Dover but was repulsed. Family visits Group . [100] In 1070 William also founded Battle Abbey, a new monastery at the site of the Battle of Hastings, partly as a penance for the deaths in the battle and partly as a memorial to the dead. Henry de Gray obtained from King Richard I (1190), the The Grays in Ireland, usually The story of her pure and beautiful [73][m] King Harald Hardrada of Norway also had a claim to the throne as the uncle and heir of King Magnus I, who had made a pact with Harthacnut in about 1040 that if either Magnus or Harthacnut died without heirs, the other would succeed. of this family were for centuries seated in Westminster and in other sections [24] Although many of the Norman nobles engaged in their own private wars and feuds during William's minority, the viscounts still acknowledged the ducal government, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy was supportive of William. Gray Family of Tiverton, RI. [99] Waltheof, who had joined the revolt, submitted, along with Gospatric, and both were allowed to retain their lands. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), poet. William also ordered that all of his prisoners be released, including his half-brother Odo. Andrew Morton Carr Descendant of the right-hand general Ker of William the Conqueror. [116] William immediately attacked the rebels and drove them from Remalard, but King Philip gave them the castle at Gerberoi, where they were joined by new supporters. But after he was killed in February 1071 at the Battle of Cassel, Robert became count. Their forces landed near Bristol but were defeated by Eadnoth. [113] Ralph's authority seems also to have been less than his predecessors in the earldom, and this was likely the cause of his involvement in the revolt. William the Conqueror after Hastings, image extracted from Poems for Christmas, Easter, and New Year's, 1885, on Wikimedia Commons. Gytha Thorkelsdttir, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused. This second force defeated the invaders at the Battle of Mortemer. The historian Frank Barlow points out that William had suffered from his uncle Mauger's ambitions while young and thus would not have countenanced creating another such situation. His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighbouring county of Flanders. William, son of Ellery, who were obscure, possibly intentionally leaving He also retained control of much of the lands of Harold and his family, which made the king the largest secular landowner in England by a wide margin. Most years saw the rate of two shillings per hide, but in crises, it could be increased to as much as six shillings per hide. Gilbert was killed within months, and another guardian, Turchetil, was also killed around the time of Gilbert's death. . William the Conqueror and his son Robert, 1865 (Credit: John Cassell). During his childhood and adolescence, members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for control of the child duke, and for their own ends. [78] William of Poitiers also relates that the duke obtained the consent of Pope Alexander II for the invasion, along with a papal banner. The corpse was too large for the space, and when attendants forced the body into the tomb it burst, spreading a disgusting odour throughout the church. The Gray family in America is numerous, widespread and consists of many [3] Normandy may have been used as a base when Scandinavian attacks on England were renewed at the end of the 10th century, which would have worsened relations between England and Normandy. followed by that of her father, the Duke of Suffolk, and his brothers, [52] William's main hobby appears to have been hunting. His reign in England was marked by the construction of castles, settling a new Norman nobility on the land, and change in the composition of the English clergy. In England and Ireland Grey is still used, in Scotland The exact date of William's birth is confused by contradictory statements by the Norman chroniclers. and heiress of Henry heir apparent of William.". [128] William granted some lands to his continental followers from the holdings of one or more specific Englishmen; at other times, he granted a compact grouping of lands previously held by many different Englishmen to one Norman follower, often to allow for the consolidation of lands around a strategically placed castle. [15], William faced several challenges on becoming duke, including his illegitimate birth and his youth: the evidence indicates that he was either seven or eight years old at the time. Holland, in 1622. [4] In an effort to improve matters, King thelred the Unready took Emma, sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy, as his second wife in 1002. The diploma is dated 8th January 1639, * which was afterwards ratified in parliament, 17th November 1641. [54], William cultivated close relations with the church in his duchy. [93], William remained in England after his coronation and tried to reconcile the native magnates. As early as 1622, two brothers, Thomas and John The first of this line According to the historian David Bates, this probably means that little of note happened, and that because William was on the continent, there was nothing for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to record. English coins were generally of high silver content, with high artistic standards, and were required to be re-minted every three years. Guillaume "Le Btard", or William the Conqueror, transformed the Middle Ages and laid the foundations of a new Europe. [p] The Danish king had brought a large fleet to England and attacked not only York but Exeter and Shrewsbury. family of Stapleford were similar to the names in Edward Grays family. The historian Eleanor Searle speculates that William was raised with the three cousins who later became important in his career William fitzOsbern, Roger de Beaumont, and Roger of Montgomery. [67] Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign,[65] but no English source reports this trip, and it is unclear if it actually occurred. near the throne. [110], In 1075, during William's absence, Ralph de Gael, the Earl of Norfolk, and Roger de Breteuil, the Earl of Hereford, conspired to overthrow William in the "Revolt of the Earls". In 1066, following the death of Edward the Confessor, William invaded England, leading an army of Normans to victory over the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. [72] Harold's claim to the throne was not entirely secure, as there were other claimants, perhaps including his exiled brother Tostig. He crossed back and forth between the continent and England at least 19 times between 1067 and his death. [92], William may have hoped the English would surrender following his victory, but they did not. His sons also lost much of their control over Maine, which revolted in 1089 and managed to remain mostly free of Norman influence thereafter. in the reign of Edward IV., from whom are descended and branched the Barons In modern times they have contributed poets, statesmen He overthrew the last Anglo-Saxon king, Harold II, to seize the throne, earning the title William the Conqueror. By 1031 Robert had gathered considerable support from noblemen, many of whom would become prominent during William's life. left Tiverton to settle all across the country. Since then they have repeatedly distinguished He married Matilda of Flanders in 1051, in Normandy, France. He left his half-brother Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux, in charge of England along with another influential supporter, William fitzOsbern, the son of his former guardian. Thomas, baptized July 16, 1620 (no further mention). http://members.aol.com/rinewpor/famhist.html. Interaction between father and son, nevertheless, remained problematic right up until William's passing. [119] William departed Normandy in July 1080,[120] and in the autumn his son Robert was sent on a campaign against the Scots. Next, he led his forces around the south and west of London, burning along the way. thelred and Emma's two sons, Edward and Alfred, went into exile in Normandy while their mother, Emma, became Cnut's second wife. William I ruled England from 1066 until his death in 1087. There were probably other reasons for William's delay, including intelligence reports from England revealing that Harold's forces were deployed along the coast. The elder John de Gray had a son, Henry In 1064 William invaded Brittany in a campaign that remains obscure in its details. in Bergundy, France. Many Grays of this line were sailors, ship owners, ship captains and Although some of the newly rich Normans in England came from William's close family or from the upper Norman nobility, others were from relatively humble backgrounds. As one of . of the family. This would have been considered tampering with the king's authority over his vassals, which William would not have tolerated. Regarding the Grays of Scotland being of the same family, Nesbits says, [87] The available sources are more confused about events in the afternoon, but it appears that the decisive event was Harold's death, about which differing stories are told. George Herbert Walker Bush (1924- ), 41st President of the US. Owain received 10,000 marks (L6,666) ransom for him. Tostig appears to have received little local support, and further raids into Lincolnshire and near the River Humber met with no more success, so he retreated to Scotland, where he remained for a time. support the effort with food, money and work in recruiting and organization. [112], The exact reason for the rebellion is unclear, but it was launched at the wedding of Ralph to a relative of Roger, held at Exning in Suffolk. By 12 April 1080, William and Robert had reached an accommodation, with William once more affirming that Robert would receive Normandy when he died. themselves in politics, literature, and the learned professions and still From the Charleton family it passed by marriage in 1421 to John Grey. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent sometime between 1055 and 1057. In 1072 William invaded Scotland, defeating Malcolm, who had recently invaded the north of England. Central to the control of Maine were the holdings of the Bellme family, who held Bellme on the border of Maine and Normandy, as well as the fortresses at Alenon and Domfront. The Grays were in Wales by 1283 when King Edward created new Marcher His holdings included nine thirtieths of the Fulbert was also William the Conqueror's Great Chamberlain. Descendants [57], In 1051 the childless King Edward of England appears to have chosen William as his successor. [106], William returned to England to release his army from service in 1073 but quickly returned to Normandy, where he spent all of 1074. [109] William's ability to leave England for an entire year was a sign that he felt that his control of the kingdom was secure. [20], The anarchy in the duchy lasted until 1047,[21] and control of the young duke was one of the priorities of those contending for power. Sir Edward de Gray married daughter Six of the names in the John Gray [45] Papal sanction of the marriage appears to have required the founding of two monasteries in Caen one by William and one by Matilda. It was said that Walter, William's maternal uncle, was occasionally forced to hide the young duke in the houses of peasants,[23] although this story may be an embellishment by Orderic Vitalis. by purchase from the Indians. Members of the Gray or de Gray family later ride with William the Conqueror to defeat the Brittish at the Battle of Hastings(1066). Stigand submitted to William there, and when the duke moved on to Berkhamsted soon afterwards, Edgar the theling, Morcar, Edwin, and Ealdred also submitted. By far the most disturbing fact . [94] But the families of Harold and his brothers lost their lands, as did some others who had fought against William at Hastings. Orderic also related that Odo had attempted to persuade some of William's vassals to join Odo in an invasion of southern Italy. Emma went into exile in Flanders until Harthacnut became king following Harold's death in 1040, and his half-brother Edward followed Harthacnut to England; Edward was proclaimed king after Harthacnut's death in June 1042.
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