Freire, 2018), others like cellulose (the most abundant biopolymer on earth) must be combined with bioactive compounds in order to acquire such features (Li et al., 2018). Details of its crystalline phases are given, starting with a description of molecular and supramolecular structures, including the hydrogen bond systems. Glucose is a type of sugar made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Now, to make a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond, one of these molecules should be inverted so that both the hydroxyl groups come in the same plane. It joins the glucose residues via beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds to form a long chain of cellulose releasing UDP molecules. Once a cellulose chain has been elongated to a certain length, the cellulase enzyme present in the cytoplasm cleaves this chain from the primer. This extreme linearity allows a great deal of hydrogen bonding between OH groups on adjacent chains, causing them to pack closely into fibers (part (b) of Figure 5.1.3). Starch and cellulose are both polysaccharides composed of the sugar glucose. The bacteria are later digested by the enzymes of the mammals digestive tract. To do this, you can just right click the crossword given below to save the image and print it. It is an important dietary source of carbohydrates in herbivores like goats and sheep. The quaternary structure is known as the association of different polypeptide chains within one protein. The cellulose microfibrils are cross-linked via hemicellulose molecules. Starch and cellulose are both homopolymers of glucose, meaning they are only made of repeating units of glucose molecules. For example, catalase, an enzyme that breaks hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and oxygen gas, has its proteins and amino acids configured in a certain way . NAG-3 bound to lysozyme in substrate goove. The term carbohydrates may refer either to monosaccharides of the composition [CH2O]n or to polysaccharides. . Microfibrils are sheet-like cellulose molecules arranged parallel to each other. Thermolysis means the breakdown of cellulose when it is exposed to high temperature or heat. Students should be able to identify the four levels of protein structure, and the molecular forces or interactions responsible for stabilizing each level of structure. Cellulose molecules have 1-4 glycosidic bonds. d. the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are made of sugar and can provide structure and support for cells, as well as. Everything that you need to pass A-level Biology: Why cellulose cannot be digested in the human body? The breakdown of starch to glucose nourishes the plant during periods of reduced photosynthetic activity. Sickle cell hemoglobin mutations alter what levels of protein structure (when sickling of red blood cells is apparent)? - Definition, Function & Chemical Formula, Cell Division in Biology: Help and Review, Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA - in Biology: Help and Review, The Steps of DNA Replication: Help and Review, Transcription and Translation of Nucleic Acids: Help and Review, Genetics and Heredity in Biology: Help and Review, Genetic Mutations in Biology: Help and Review, DNA Technology and Genomics: Help and Review, Bacterial Biology Essentials: Help and Review, The Origin of the Universe and Life on Earth: Help and Review, Geologic Time, Dating & Fossils: Help and Review, The Evolution & Classification of Organisms: Help and Review, Plant Reproduction & Growth Cycles: Help and Review, Introduction to Invertebrates: Help and Review, Introduction to Vertebrates: Help and Review, Circulatory System & Other Systems: Help & Review, The Nervous, Immune, and Endocrine Systems: Help and Review, Animal Reproduction & Embryonic Development: Help and Review, Human Reproductive Systems: Help and Review, Ecology and the Environment: Help and Review, Human Effects on the Environment: Help and Review, Laboratory Techniques for Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering: Help and Review, Analyzing Scientific Data in Biology: Help and Review, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Environmental Education (0831) Prep, Introduction to Environmental Science: Help and Review, Principles of Health: Certificate Program, Introduction to Genetics: Certificate Program, Introduction to Astronomy: Certificate Program, Cellulose & Glycogen Structures: Similarities & Comparison, Compaction in Geology: Definition & Examples, Zooarchaeology: Definition & Faunal Analysis, Pauli Exclusion Principle: Definition & Example, What is Aspartic Acid? Hermann Staudinger determined the chemical structure of cellulose in 1920. Each polypeptide is assembled as a linear chain of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds. These mammals have bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship within the digestive tract of these mammals. It is present in the cell wall of all plant cells. Although the percentage of glycogen (by weight) is higher in the liver, the much greater mass of skeletal muscle stores a greater total amount of glycogen. Identify the main cellular functions for each type of macromolecule. Every alternate glucose molecule in cellulose chains is inverted. There are six carbons numbered from 1 to 6, with the 'unraveled string' hanging off taking the 6th position. and have a nice day We have studied earlier that as the cellulose chains are synthesized, they are exported out of the cell into the cell wall. Just a follow up question on your answer, Dr. Choi, will this imply that proteins and nucleic acids evolved first than the glycans and lipids? If the molecules has mostly non-polar bonds (C-H or C-C), then it is hydrophobic. . The tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of the protein, and the quaternary structure refers to the assembly of multiple protein subunits into a larger complex. Because of their characteristic stickiness with wetting, dextrins are used as adhesives on stamps, envelopes, and labels; as binders to hold pills and tablets together; and as pastes. All living organisms are made of organic molecules. We compared relationships among isotopes of whole wood, cellulose and climate for the period 1979-1999 and using a moving interval technique with a 10 . Polysaccharide matrix with acidic polysaccharide is also present along with cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall of plants. Multi-subunit proteins consist of two or more individual amino acid chains, each with their own primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Cotton and wood, for example, are completely insoluble in water and have considerable mechanical strength. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you These chains are arranged parallel to each other to form microfibrils. Because the earth is covered with vegetation, cellulose is the most abundant of all carbohydrates, accounting for over 50% of all the carbon found in the vegetable kingdom. In nature, amylose is not straight, but rather coiled like a spring with about six glucose molecules per turn. Cellulose is present in the cell wall of plants, algae, and bacteria, and also in the shell of tunicates. The quaternary structure of a native conformation refers to the three dimensional organization of all the atoms in a multi-subunit protein. In what environments? A variety of bonding interactions including hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds hold the various chains into a particular geometry. It takes anywhere from 250 to over 1,000 glucose molecules to make a single starch molecule. In addition to the cellulose microfibrils and polysaccharide matrix, the primary cell wall also contains cross-linking polysaccharides. Cellulose is made of monomers of glucose linked together via B 1-4 glycosidic linkages. Because of its beta linkages and microfibrils, cellulose has a very rigid structure that lends itself well to the place where it's found--the cell wall. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Synthesis of organic carbon molecules from inorganic CO2 requires energy and chemical reducing power, as the carbon atoms in organic molecules are in reduced form. the glutamic acid changes to an aspartic acid, a different negatively charged amino acid, the glutamic acid changes to a lysine, a positively charged amino acid, the glutamic acid changes to a tryptophan, a hydrophobic amino acid, the glutamic acid changes to a serine, an uncharged, hydrophilic amino acid. Primary structure the linear sequence of amino acids, held together by covalent peptide bonds. 10. How can we predict whether an organic molecule will be hydrophobic (a lipid) or hydrophilic? In the next step, UTP and glucose-1-phosphate react to form UDP-glucose and a pyrophosphate molecule is released. At the very end of the video, you mentioned macromolecules are processed based on genetic information of individual organisms, thus evolution on species is possible through individuals genetic variation. bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) Cotton, linen, and other natural fibers may be used directly or processed to make rayon. Hemoglobin: The classic case exploring protein structure is hemoglobin. The polysaccharides are the most abundant carbohydrates in nature and serve a variety of functions, such as energy storage or as components of plant cell walls. Expanding from Q#6 above, how will changes in pH or salt concentrations affect solutions of each type of macromolecule. It's found in a variety of substances we use, including wood and cotton. The aerosols arising at this pyrolytic temperature contain oligomers of cellulose in anhydrous form. Because the earth is covered with vegetation, cellulose is the most abundant of all carbohydrates, accounting for over 50% of all the carbon found in the vegetable kingdom. Posted on . Glucose is a sugar molecule made of a six carbon ring. Amanda has taught high school science for over 10 years. Glucose is a 3-D molecule; this means the attached elements can be pointed in different directions at any given time. Like amylose, cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Starch and cellulose are both made of glucose molecules. Think of a pile of wood that can be put together in different ways. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection . Introduction to Ecology; Major patterns in Earths climate, Population Genetics: the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Earth History and History of Life on Earth, Chemical context for biology: origin of life and chemical evolution, Respiration, chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation, Oxidative pathways: electrons from food to electron carriers, Fermentation, mitochondria and regulation, Why are plants green, and how did chlorophyll take over the world? Quaternary structure assemblage of two or more folded polypeptides into a functional protein unit. Protein quaternary structure [a] is the fourth (and highest) classification level of protein structure. Proteins that consist of a single polypeptide chain do not have quaternary structure; only proteins that have two or more polypeptide chains have quaternary structure. Join over 22,000 learners who have passed their exams thanks to us! These polysaccharides cross-link the cellulose microfibrils to form a complex network. Legal. The biosynthesis of cellulose in two organisms follow different steps. Two structural differences between starch and cellulose are the linkages between the glucose molecules and the overall structure of the molecule. Amylose has 1,4 alpha linkages between D glucose that creates a straight chain. In the same way, starch and cellulose have different 3-D structures. What is cellulose? Cellulose, a fibrous carbohydrate found in all plants, is the structural component of plant cell walls. Dipeptide Formation, Structure & Examples | What is a Dipeptide? In cells, RNA functions in expression of genetic information in DNA to make proteins (mRNA, tRNAs, rRNAs, and other small RNA molecules), but may also serve for storage of hereditary information in many viruses (e.g., influenza, HIV, Ebola). It does not therefore necessarily break down proteins into individual amino acids. Cellulose is an organic compound belonging to the category of polysaccharides. Dextrins are glucose polysaccharides of intermediate size. Cellulose finds profound importance in plants, animals, microorganisms as well as in industry. A type of cellulose which is completely insoluble in water and have considerable mechanical strength. Cystic Fibrosis: A Case Study for Membranes and Transport. Starch is made of two types of glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin. This makes cellulose a good structural material, hence its use in plant cell walls to aid rigidity Cellulose does this by grouping together to form microfibrils fibres Cellulose also prevents cells bursting, so they are turgid when full with water. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Cationic cellulose is one of cellulose derivatives whose cationic groups are linked to the free hydroxyl groups of cellulose backbone [[1], [2], [3] ]. The arrangement of the monomers in the three-dimensional protein is the quaternary structure. A protein with multiple identical subunits does indeed have a quaternary structure; in these cases, dimers and tetramers are common. Starch can be broken down with the enzyme amylase, which is one of the first stages in human digestion. Commercial starch is a white powder. See the diagrams below on glycosidic bonds and peptide bonds to see how water molecules are created or used in these reactions. Which of the following changes do you think might also cause sickle-cell disease? Cell Wall Definition. An error occurred trying to load this video. This color test is sensitive enough to detect even minute amounts of starch in solution. One recent study concluded that cells are composed of 68 distinct organic molecules (Marth 2008) that are assembled into 3 biological polymers plus lipid structures (membranes). In particular, starch and cellulose are made of the sugar molecule glucose. Membranes make it possible for cells to create and maintain large differences in ion concentrations that drive cellular energy metabolism, to regulate transport of materials and water into and out of the cell, and to receive and sense extracellular signals. These bacteria produce cellulase enzyme that degrades the cellulose present in the diet of these mammals. . The link for the Khan Academy video in the fourth paragraph under 1. These complexes are the hexameric transmembrane proteins that are capable of free floatation in the plasma membrane. Although animal cells do not have cell wall, cellulose is also found in some of the animal species. Small organic molecules are covalently linked (polymerized) to form the 3 types of large biological macromolecules (polymers); lipid membranes self-assemble. 4. Cellulose, a fascinating biopolymer and the most common organic compound on earth, is comprehensively reviewed. Starch is a mixture of two polymers: amylose and amylopectin. Investigations during several decades have led to the identification of several solvents of notably different character. Cellulose is also present in the cell wall of other organisms like bacteria and algae. I feel like its a lifeline. This results in the formation of cellulose microfibrils that are firm and strong. The cell wall provides strength and structural support to the cell, and can control to some extent what . Cellulose is a structural protein in plants and algae. Cells have two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, that differ in key ways Only organisms that express the enzyme cellulase are able to break down and use cellulose. Which macromolecules often have branching structures? This helps support stems Carbohydrates Cellulose is the most important structural polysaccharide present in plants. 6. Both amylopectin and glycogen contain branch points that are linked through -1,6-linkages. does cellulose have a quaternary structure. Cellulose is present in plant cells in the form of cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose [(C6H10O5)n] is an organic compound and the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Hydrogen bonding between paired bases (A:T and G:C) stabilize DNA duplexes and RNA secondary structures that form by intra-molecular base pairing (A:U and G:C). While animals cannot produce cellulose, it is important to their survival. Glycogen is the energy reserve carbohydrate of animals. Page reorganized and revised 9/21/2015 so numbered content headings match the numbered learning objectives. The quaternary structure is a result of the same types of interactions as seen in tertiary structure but between different subunits. Cellulose in Plants Structure & Function | What is Cellulose? In alpha glucose, the OH on carbon 1 and 4 are facing the same way. The glucose molecules are linked with 1-4 alpha linkages, meaning the first and fourth carbon are connected in amylose. The 3 types of macromolecules (very large molecules) are polysaccharides, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and proteins. The characteristic blue-violet color that appears when starch is treated with iodine is due to the formation of the amylose-iodine complex. How proteins fold into their overall 3-dimensional structures, and interact with each other to form larger multi-protein complexes, are determined by various bonds and interactions, as described below (section #6). However, the enzymes that make them are genetically encoded. Quaternary structure describes a protein composed of two or more polypeptides. Self-review: You should be able to distinguish among these macromolecules and identify the monomers that build each type of macromolecule. When fasting, animals draw on these glycogen reserves during the first day without food to obtain the glucose needed to maintain metabolic balance. Create your account, 37 chapters | . Polysaccharides are carbohydrates that are made of three or more glucose molecules. It is an unbranched molecule. All cells have cell membranes, but generally only plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea have cells with cell walls. Monosaccharides are organic molecules with the composition [CH2O]n, where n is usually 3-6. If the alpha glucose of a starch branches off, the structure is more like paper that's folded up to make origami. The primary purpose of starch is to store glucose for use in cellular respiration to create energy. It has melting point of 467degrees Celsius and can be degraded into glucose by acid treatment at high temperature. I dont know of any answer to which of these came before or after. Payen also determined the chemical formula. She is also certified in secondary special education, biology, and physics in Massachusetts. Signup as a free member below and you'll be brought back to this page to try the sample materials before you buy. Nucleic acid quaternary structure refers to the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or between nucleic acid molecules and proteins.The concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure, but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encountered. o Skim over Section 3 "Lipids" Define lipids Be familiar with Fig 3- Storage and Use of Carbohydrates and Lipids Unlike the other 3 macromolecules, lipids don't have standard building blocks, but rather are grouped together because they are all hydrophobic (water fearing). how to play forward in field hockey. Quaternary Structure Occurs only when two or more proteins physically interact to make a larger complex. The phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble in water to form bilayer membranes, via hydrophobic interactions. . These elements form a ring with one of the carbons sticking off the end, kind of like a ball of yarn with an unraveled string. From there, cellulose was used to produce rayon in the 1890s and cellophane in 1912. What, then, determines a proteins structure? Facts and Functions." CSET Science Subtest II Life Sciences (217): Practice Test & Study Guide, UExcel Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, High School Biology: Homework Help Resource, DSST Principles of Physical Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Principles of Physical Science: Certificate Program, UExcel Basic Genetics: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Weather and Climate: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. Johnson (Cupressaceae). b. Starch is softer than cellulose. All amino acids have a nitrogen, an alpha-carbon with a side chain (the R group in the diagram below the 20 different amino acids differ in their R groups), and a carboxyl carbon. Figure 5.1.3: Cellulose. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Cellulose is used in different industries for the welfare of mankind. Because the OH of carbon 1 and carbon 4 are in a different place, the molecules are flip-flopped when connected, like people standing next to each other with one facing forward while the other faces the opposite direction. Starch's main function is energy storage in plants. The hydrogen bond that holds cellulose together has a great influence on the physical characteristics of cellulose. This crossword puzzle is based on the lesson on the comparison between starch and cellulose in terms of their structure and function. Where would you most commonly expect to find a charged amino acid like glutamic acid, in the interior of the folded protein, or on the surface, interacting with solvent water molecules? D-glucose units adopts a stable chair conformation, with the hydroxyl groups in the equatorial positions. Cellulose degradation takes place in the digestive tract of some of the mammals. Starch uses 1,4 and 1,6 alpha linkages and has a branched structure, whereas cellulose uses 1,4 beta linkages and has a rigid, elongated structure. Polysaccharides are very large polymers composed of tens to thousands of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages. . Taking it a little farther with your information! This is what happens when cooking food! Content of Biological Principles at https://sites.gatech.edu/bioprinciples is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Unported License. Note as the protein rotates that there is a rather deep cleft in . Lysozyme is a compact protein of 129 amino acids which folds into a compact globular structure. 7. Our bodies have glycosidases that can break down the alpha . This pattern allows for hydrogen bonding between two molecules of cellulose. Besides, cellulose is also present in wood obtained from the trees. It is a source of carbohydrate for herbivores. Here the cellulose chains are arranged in parallel fashion forming hydrogen bonds among themselves. These transmembrane rosettes perform two functions; polymerization of glucose residues to form cellulose chain and assembly of cellulose microfibrils. There are three types of carbohydrates based on how many sugar molecules they are composed of: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Glucose is a monosaccharide and is essential for many functions inside the cell. 1. Cotton fibrils and filter paper are almost entirely cellulose (about 95%), wood is about 50% cellulose, and the dry weight of leaves is about 10%20% cellulose. Since polysaccharides are not proteins, they do not have a quaternary structure. Cellulose differs from the rest of polysaccharides in its properties. It was used without further purification. Pure cellulose is odorless, flavorless, hydrophilic, insoluble in water, and biodegradable. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Tertiary structure overall 3-D shape of the folded polypeptide chain, that can be described as the spatial relationships of the secondary structure elements linked by loops. Cellulose supports the cell wall of plants. Starch and cellulose have different functions in living things. Cellulose is not normally degraded in plants except in disease conditions. For this activity, complete the crossword by filling in a word that fits each of the given clues. Abstract. With a pencil and an eraser, neatly write your answers in the boxes provided. It also finds great importance in the industry. If you put the wood together in one way, it makes a doghouse; put together another way, it becomes a bookcase. Starch is a polysaccharide used for energy storage. Calcium also plays an important role in network formation. The process of cellulose synthesis is also somehow same as in the plants and bacteria. I assume you want to know more about the beta configuration of cellulose. In 1870, the first thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, was produced by Hyatt Manufacturing Company using cellulose. { "5.01:_Starch_and_Cellulose" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.02:_The_Two_Major_Classes_of_Isomers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.03:_Looking_Glass_ChemistryChiral_and_Achiral_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.04:_Stereogenic_Centers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.05:_Stereogenic_Centers_in_Cyclic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.06:_Labeling_Stereogenic_Centers_with_R_or_S" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.07:_Diastereomers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.08:_Meso_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.09:_R_and_S_Assignments_in_Compounds_with_Two_or_More_Stereogenic_Centers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.10:_Disubstituted_Cycloalkanes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.11:_IsomersA_Summary" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.12:_Physical_Properties_of_Stereoisomers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.13:_Chemical_Properties_of_Enantiomers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Structure_and_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Introduction_to_Organic_Molecules_and_Functional_Groups" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Alkanes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Stereochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Understanding_Organic_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Alkyl_Halides_and_Nucleophilic_Substitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Alkyl_Halides_and_Elimination_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Alcohols_Ethers_and_Epoxides" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Alkenes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Alkynes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Oxidation_and_Reduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Radical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Conjugation_Resonance_and_Dienes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Benzene_and_Aromatic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Carboxylic_Acids_and_the_Acidity_of_the_OH_Bond" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Introduction_to_Carbonyl_Chemistry_Organometallic_Reagents_Oxidation_and_Reduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Aldehydes_and_KetonesNucleophilic_Addition" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Substitution_Reactions_of_Carbonyl_Compounds_at_the_Alpha_Carbon" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Amines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Synthetic_Polymers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "cellulose", "starch", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FMap%253A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)%2F05%253A_Stereochemistry%2F5.01%253A_Starch_and_Cellulose, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\).
Robins Financial Repo Lot, Articles D